THE WEEK IN CHESS 28            15/04/95        Mark Crowther
--------------------------------------------------------------

1)  Introduction
2)  PCA Riga Super-Classic Tournament. Mikhail Tal Memorial
3)  MELODY AMBER
4)  New York Open by Vadim Kaminsky
5)  YUGOSLAV WOMENS' CHAMPIONSHIP  (March-April 1995) by Bosko Grove
6)  Dublin Chess Festival International Tournament 1995
7)  Copenhagen by Andrew Kinsman
8)  Danish Championships from "Under Uret" (a new Danish chess BBS.)
9)  News from Germany by Otto Borik
10) Israeli Chess News by Shay Bushinsky
11) Portoros tournament in Slovenia: by Shay Bushinsky
12) STUDIES by Wlodek Proskurowski (Review by John Roycroft)
13) TWIC  PLAYER PROFILE  No 2  ALEXANDER MCDONNELL (1798-1835) by Bosko Grove
14) Tournament calendar by Michael Niermann
15) GAMES SECTION
	Melody Amber, Blindfold				12 games
	Melody Amber, Rapidplay				12 games
	Dublin Chess Festival				31 games
	Danish Championships 1995			20 games
	New York Open					44 games

1) Introduction
------------

My thanks to Vadim Kaminsky (Compuserve) for the games and report
from the New York Open. To Jon Speelman for faxes from the Melody
Amber Tournament and to Otto Borik for the round 11 games (and
a news report from Germany). To Shay Bushinsky for reports from
events in Israel and elsewhere, to Bosko Grove for his report and
annotated player profile, to Bob Wade for faxing the information
from Dublin. To Andrew Kinsman for news about an upcoming event
in Denmark. To Flemming Jensen (from Under Uret a new Danish
chess BBS) for the games and report from the Danish Championships.
To Wlodek Proskurowski for arranging the review by John Roycroft
(my thanks to him also of course!) and to Michael Niermann for the
tournament calendar.

I also wish to apologies for suggesting in TWIC 22 that Ljubojevic
was seeking Spanish citizenship, something that he has no intention
of doing. I'm sorry for any embarassment caused (see the Melody
Amber section too).

So as usual many, many people to thank for putting together TWIC.
(I do contribute too!) Not quite TWIC 27 but a decent issue all
the same. The main disappointment being that there is no news
as yet from Riga about the Tal Memorial, next week hopefully.

Happy Easter break everyone.

Mark

2) PCA Riga Super-Classic Tournament. Mikhail Tal Memorial
-------------------------------------------------------

Due to a dispute with his Federation, Alexey Shirov will
not be playing in this event, So serious is the dispute
that he appeared as Spanish at Melody Amber. This event
started Thursday. I presume there must be one additional player.

News and games will hopefully be available for the next issue.
(I have heard absolutely nothing.)

Kasparov, Gary          RUS     2805    g
Ivanchuk, Vassily       UKR     2700    g
Anand, Viswanathan      IND     2715    g
Kramnik, Vladimir       RUS     2715    g
Short, Nigel D.         ENG     2655    g
Yusupov, Artur          GER     2660    g
Vaganian, Rafael A      ARM     2640    g
Timman, Jan H           NED     2635    g
Ehlvest, Jaan           EST     2615    g
Gulko, Boris F          USA     2595    g
Kengis, Edvins          LAT     2575    g

3) MELODY AMBER
---------------

My thanks to Jon Speelman for faxing me the games from rounds
1-10 and to Otto Borik who E-Mailed me the final round (11)
games from Melody Amber.

Karpov dominated the rapidplay and overall event. He only lost
one mini-match and that was to Jeroen Piket. Karpov was less
certain with the blindfold chess finishing 6th. Kramnik did very
poorly in the fast chess given his reputation, but dominated the
blindfold part.

Alexey Shirov appeared at this event as a Spanish entrant after
being refused a Latvian passport. (This is because he is an ethnic
Russian and speaks no Latvian but spite of living most of his life
there and being their leading chessplayer.) He is currently applying
for Spanish citizenship.

This is probably a good place to say that in a previous TWIC
article I said that Ljubojevic was also applying for Spanish
citizenship (based on what I thought I saw on Spanish Teletext)
I am happy to correct this and say that he has no such intention.
(The same is probably true of Salov as he appeared in the same
misunderstood sentance.)

Monaco Rapidplay, 28 March - 10 April 1995.  cat. XVIII (2677)
---------------------------------------------------------------
PLAYER INFORMATION                   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 TOTAL  TPR
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 Karpov, Anatoly       g RUS 2765  * 1 = 1 1 1 1 = 1 1 1 1  10.0  3052
 2 Ivanchuk, Vassily     g UKR 2700  0 * 1 0 1 = = 1 1 = 1 1   7.5  2808
 3 Anand, Viswanathan    g IND 2715  = 0 * = = 1 1 = 1 1 1 =   7.5  2806
 4 Polgar, Judit         g HUN 2630  0 1 = * = = 0 1 0 1 1 =   6.0  2717
 5 Shirov, Alexei        g SPA 2710  0 0 = = * = 1 = = = 1 1   6.0  2710
 6 Kamsky, Gata          g USA 2710  0 = 0 = = * 1 1 = 0 = 1   5.5  2674
 7 Kramnik, Vladimir     g RUS 2715  0 = 0 1 0 0 * 1 0 = 1 1   5.0  2637
 8 Piket, Jeroen         g NED 2670  = 0 = 0 = 0 0 * = 1 = 1   4.5  2612
 9 Lautier, Joel         g FRA 2655  0 0 0 1 = = 1 = * 0 = =   4.5  2614
10 Nikolic, Predrag      g BIH 2645  0 = 0 0 = 1 = 0 1 * 0 =   4.0  2578
11 Ljubojevic, Ljubomir  g YUG 2580  0 0 0 0 0 = 0 = = 1 * 1   3.5  2552
12 Nunn, John D M        g ENG 2630  0 0 = = 0 0 0 0 = = 0 *   2.0  2419
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Monaco Blindfold, 28 March - 10 April 1995.  cat. XVIII (2677)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
PLAYER INFORMATION                   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 TOTAL  TPR
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 Kramnik, Vladimir     g RUS 2715  * = = = = 1 1 1 1 0 1 1  8.0  2848
 2 Anand, Viswanathan    g IND 2715  = * = 0 = = 1 1 = 1 = 1  7.0  2775
 3 Piket, Jeroen         g NED 2670  = = * 1 = 1 0 0 1 1 1 0  6.5  2742
 4 Kamsky, Gata          g USA 2710  = 1 0 * = 0 1 = 0 1 1 1  6.5  2739
 5 Ivanchuk, Vassily     g UKR 2700  = = = = * 1 = = 1 = = =  6.5  2740
 6 Karpov, Anatoly       g RUS 2765  0 = 0 1 0 * = = = 1 1 1  6.0  2705
 7 Nikolic, Predrag      g BIH 2645  0 0 1 0 = = * 0 1 = 1 1  5.5  2680
 8 Polgar, Judit         g HUN 2630  0 0 1 = = = 1 * 0 0 = 1  5.0  2645
 9 Lautier, Joel         g FRA 2655  0 = 0 1 0 = 0 1 * 1 0 1  5.0  2643
10 Shirov, Alexei        g SPA 2710  1 0 0 0 = 0 = 1 0 * = 1  4.5  2609
11 Ljubojevic, Ljubomir  g YUG 2580  0 = 0 0 = 0 0 = 1 = * =  3.5  2552
12 Nunn, John D M        g ENG 2630  0 0 1 0 = 0 0 0 0 0 = *  2.0  2419
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Monaco Combined, 28 March - 10 April 1995.  cat. XVIII (2677)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PLAYER INFORMATION                  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2   TOTAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 Karpov, Anatoly       g RUS 2765 ## == 01 01 11 =1 0= 11 =1 =1 11 11  16.0
 2 Anand, Viswanathan    g IND 2715 == ## =0 =1 01 1= == 1= =1 11 =1 1=  14.5
 3 Ivanchuk, Vassily     g UKR 2700 10 =1 ## == == =0 =1 =1 11 == =1 =1  14.0
 4 Kramnik, Vladimir     g RUS 2715 10 =0 == ## =0 11 =1 00 10 1= 11 11  13.0
 5 Kamsky, Gata          g USA 2710 00 10 == =1 ## == 01 1= 0= 10 1= 11  12.0
 6 Polgar, Judit         g HUN 2630 =0 0= =1 00 == ## 11 0= 00 11 =1 1=  11.0
 7 Piket, Jeroen         g NED 2670 1= == =0 =0 10 00 ## 1= 1= 01 1= 01  11.0
 8 Shirov, Alexei        g SPA 2710 00 0= =0 11 0= 1= 0= ## 0= == =1 11  10.5
 9 Lautier, Joel         g FRA 2655 =0 =0 00 01 1= 11 0= 1= ## 00 0= 1=   9.5
10 Nikolic, Predrag      g BIH 2645 =0 00 == 0= 01 00 10 == 11 ## 10 1=   9.5
11 Ljubojevic, Ljubomir  g YUG 2580 00 =0 =0 00 0= =0 0= =0 1= 01 ## =1   7.0
12 Nunn, John D M        g ENG 2630 00 0= =0 00 00 0= 10 00 0= 0= =0 ##   4.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4) New York Open by Vadim Kaminsky
-----------------------------------
Venue: Radisson Hotel, Newark International Airport, New Jersey

Standings after 7 rounds:
-------------------------

Benjamin, Joel  		USA     2570    g	6	/7
Epishin, Vladimir       	RUS     2635    g	5.5	/7
Svidler, Peter  		RUS     2585    g	5.5	/7
Adams, Michael  		ENG     2655    g	5.5	/7
DeFirmian, Nick E       	USA     2590    g	5.5	/7
Schwartzman, Gabriel    	ROM     2495    g	5.5	/7
Wojtkiewicz, Aleksander 	POL     2530    g	5.5	/7
Tkachiev, Vladislav     	KAZ     2575    m	5.5	/7
Alburt, Lev O   		USA     2560    g	5.5	/7

Adianto, Utut   		INA     2585    g	5	/6
Blatny, Pavel   		CZE     2485    g	5	/6
-------------------------------------------------------------------

FIDE Rating information (where available for others mentioned in
Vadim's report.)

Adamson, Robby                  USA     2315
Bezold, Michael                 GER     2495    m
Brooks, Michael A               USA     2445    m
Burnett, Ronald                 USA     2370    f
Chow, Albert                    USA     2300    f
Cifuentes Parada, Roberto       NED     2535    g
Colombo, Alberto                ITA     2135
Cooper, Thomas L.               USA     2215
Cunningham, Robin               USA     2335    f
Dlugy, Maxim                    USA     2545    g
Fishbein, Alexander             USA     2550    g
Formanek, Edward W              USA     2345    m
Frias, Victor J                 USA     2495    m
Friedman, Josef                 USA     2290    f
Gabriel, Christian              GER     2535    m
Garcia, Gildardo                COL     2520    g
Gurevich, Dmitry                USA     2530    g
Henley, Ron W                   USA     2480    g
Hernandez, Gustavo              DOM     2340    m
Hodgson, Julian M.              ENG     2615    g
Hracek, Zbynek                  CZE     2595    g
Ivanov, Alexander V             USA     2515    g
Ivanov, Igor V                  USA     2475    m
Kaidanov, Grigory S             USA     2605    g
Manion, Josh                    USA     2335    f
Matamoros Franco, Carlos S.     ECU     2430    m
Mirable, Tim                    USA     2230
Morovic Fernandez, Ivan         CHI     2575    g
Moulin, Pierre                  BEL     2300    f
Nijboer, Friso                  NED     2510    g
Oll, Lembit                     EST     2610    g
Remlinger, Larry                USA     2465    m
Shabalov, Alexander             USA     2570    g
Shliperman, Igor                USA     2320
Van Wely, Loek                  NED     2575    g
Yermolinsky, Alex               USA     2580    g
Young, Angelo                   PHI     2435
Zapata, Alonso                  COL     2535    g
Ziatdinov, Raset                UZB     2440    m
Zlotnikov, Mikhail              USA     2370    m

30 GM's are playing in New York Open this year.

The fighting spirit is very high. There were many upsets so far
(rounds 1-3): GM M.Adams lost to GM A.Wojtkiewicz (whose rating
is 125 points lower), GM A.Shabalov lost to Josh Manion, IM Igor
Ivanov lost to FM Joseph Friedman, NM Moshe Khatena defeated
GM Alex Ivanov, GM A.Fishbein also lost his game from the
first round etc.

Benjamin has become a leader after beating GM Lembit
Oll (EST), the last year NY Open co-winner. I left a
playing hall nearly before the end of the round and
don't know the result of the game
Utut Adianto (INA) - Pavel Blatny (CZE). The winner of
this game could join Benjamin.

It is to be hoped all the gamescores are correct as quite
a few ended in timescrambles.

5) YUGOSLAV WOMENS' CHAMPIONSHIP  (March-April 1995) by Bosko Grove
-------------------------------------------------
Information is limited but these are the final standings:

1.  Bojkovic, Natasa        	YUG     2430    g	11
2.  Vuksanovic, Sanja       	YUG     2275    m	10.5
3.  Kostic, Jovica  		YUG     2305		10
4.  Maric, Mirjana  		YUG     2260    g	 7.5
5.  Nikolin, Zorica 		YUG     2300    m	 7
6.= Maksimovic, Suzana      	YUG     2225    m	 6.5
    Stankovic, Marija       	YUG     2110		 6.5
8.= Petrovic, Marija        	YUG     2240    m	 6
    Markov, Vesna   		YUG     2160    f	 6
    Benderac, Ana   		YUG     2110     	 6


(Not too sure on one or two here, maybe even
the odd man has slipped in! Here is one alternative
Kostic, Nebojsa 	YUG     2340    m)

6) Dublin Chess Festival International Tournament 1995
----------------------------------------------------

Dublin Chess Festival 1995.  cat. III (2320)
------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 Quinn, Mark            IRL 2340  * = 1 0 1 1 1 = = 1  6.5  2483
 2 Baburin, Aleksandar  m RUS 2490  = * = = = 1 1 = 1 1  6.5  2466
 3 King, Daniel J       g ENG 2500  0 = * = 1 1 = = 1 1  6.0  2424
 4 Donaldson, John W    m USA 2420  1 = = * = 0 = 1 1 =  5.5  2388
 5 Kelly, Bryan           IRL 2210  0 = 0 = * = 1 = 1 1  5.0  2374
 6 O'Cinneide, Mel        IRL 2280  0 0 0 1 = * = = 1 =  4.0  2280
 7 Daly, Colm             IRL 2210  0 0 = = 0 = * = 1 1  4.0  2288
 8 Joyce, John            IRL 2205  = = = 0 = = = * 0 0  3.0  2207
 9 Littlewood, John E   f ENG 2310  = 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 * 1  2.5  2154
10 Ryan, Joseph           IRE 2230  0 0 0 = 0 = 0 1 0 *  2.0  2109
------------------------------------------------------------------

In this Category III event the IM norm was 6.5 points. This was
achieved by Irish player Mark Quinn. My thanks to Bob Wade for faxing
me the results. The above table slightly disagrees with the
table faxed to me, but I believe it is correct. (the question
is whether Ryan beat or drew with Joyce, I think that he beat
him to make the above right.)

7) Copenhagen by Andrew Kinsman
-----------------------------

An international tournament starts on 21 April
and finishes on 30 April.

Category 6, average 2376
--------------------------
Stellan Brynell         IM 2435 SWE
Samir Lejlic            FM 2425 BIH
Carsten Hoi             IM 2415 DEN
Nicolai Borge           IM 2405 DEN
Bjorn Ahlander          FM 2400 SWE
Tobias Christensen         2375 DEN
Mads Schmit Hansen      FM 2370
Heini Olsen                2355 FAI
Andrew Kinsman          FM 2355 ENG
Jacob Sylvan               2225 DEN

8) Danish Championships from "Under Uret" (a new Danish chess BBS.)
-----------------------------------------------------------------

The Danish Championships are currently being played in Ringsted on
Seeland (the Capital island in Denmark). Over 400 players are playing
in the various chess events surrounding the championships. Unfortunately
only one of the four Danish Grandmasters is playing this year. The event
concludes on 17th April 1995.

by Flemming Jensen (Under Uret)

Results:
-----------

Round 1
IM Jens Kristiansen             - IM Erling Mortensen           1/2
IM Lars Schandorff              - IM Carsten Hoi                1/2
Jens Kjeldsen                   - IGM Peter Heine Nielsen       1/2
IM Klaus Berg                   - IM Henrik Danielsen           1/2
IM Bjarke Kristensen            - IM Mikkel Antonsen            1-0

Round 2
IM Jens Kristiansen             - IM Lars Schandorff            1-0
IM Carsten Hoi                  - Jens Kjeldsen                 1-0
IM Erling Mortensen             - IM Mikkel Antonsen            1-0
IM Henrik Danielsen             - IM Bjarke Kristensen          1-0
IGM Peter Heine Niielsen        - IM Klaus Berg                 1/2

Round 3
Jens Kjeldsen                   - IM Jens Kristiansen           1/2
IM Lars Schandorff              - IM Erling Mortensen           1/2
IM Klaus Berg                   - IM Carsten Hoi                1/2
IM Bjarke Kristensen            - IGM Peter Heine Nielsen       1/2
IM Mikkel Antonsen              - IM Henrik Danielsen           0-1

Round 4
IM Jens Kristiansen             - IM Klaus Berg                 1-0
IM Lars Schandorff              - Jens Kjeldsen                 1/2
IM Carsten Hoi                  - IM Bjarke Kristensen          1/2
IGM Peter Heine Nielsen         - IM Mikkel Antonsen            1/2
IM Erling Mortensen             - IM Henrik Danielsen           1-0

Ringsted (DEN), 7-17 April 1995.  cat. VIII (2440)
-------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 Kristiansen, Jens     m DEN 2415  * = . . . . = 1 1 .  3.0  2638
 2 Mortensen, Erling     m DEN 2500  = * 1 . . . . . = 1  3.0  2616
 3 Danielsen, Henrik     m DEN 2430  . 0 * . 1 . . = . 1  2.5  2538
 4 Hoi, Carsten          m DEN 2415  . . . * = . 1 = = .  2.5  2528
 5 Kristensen, Bjarke    m DEN 2455  . . 0 = * = . . . 1  2.0  2436
 6 Nielsen, Peter Heine  g DEN 2500  . . . . = * = = . =  2.0  2421
 7 Kjeldsen, Jens          DEN 2410  = . . 0 . = * . = .  1.5  2358
 8 Berg, Klaus           m DEN 2420  0 . = = . = . * . .  1.5  2353
 9 Schandorff, Lars      m DEN 2450  0 = . = . . = . * .  1.5  2348
10 Antonsen, Mikkel      m DEN 2400  . 0 0 . 0 = . . . *  0.5  2149
-------------------------------------------------------------------

9) News from Germany by Otto Borik
-------------------------------

Kasparov will visit Vienna in the middle of June 1995.
On June 13th a benefit simultanious exhibition (25 boards)
is planned. Those who want to play will have to pay $2500.
The money raised goes towards the victims in Bosnia.

Moreover a match between Bosna Sarajevo (a team in which
Kasparov played - for no money - in last European Team Cup Competition)
will play a match against Margareten Wien (three times winner of
Austrian Team Championships in the years 1993, 1994 and 1995).

The idea for this event belongs Mr. Kemal Osmanovic, who is a
native Bosnian living in Vienna and who has become a rich man.
(He has also given much of the money for this event (the exact amount
is not known).

10) Israeli Chess News by Shay Bushinsky
-------------------------------------

Tel-Aviv - 9 Round - Speed Chess (Blitz) Tournament (7GMs)

1= Yudasin, Leonid 	ISR     2615    g	8
   Huzman, Alexander    UKR     2590    g	8
3= Kogan, Artur    	ISR     2465    m	7
   Khenkin, Igor   	ISR     2530    g	7
   Afek, Yochanan  	ISR     2370    m	7
   Soffer, Ram     	ISR     2535    g	7

----------

Rishon-Lezion Open (9 Rounds)

1.= Gruenfeld, Yehuda       ISR     2505    g	7
    Zilberman, Yaacov       ISR     2490    m	7


----------

Petach-Tikva Open

1.  Soffer, Ram     	ISR     2535    g	5.5
2.= Zilberman, Yaacov   ISR     2490    m	5
    Kanstler, Boris 	KGZ     2430    m	5
    Boim, Inon      	ISR     2365    f	5


-----------

Tel-Aviv Open (7GMs) Started April 12th

-----------
Israeli Chess League Prime Devision - 10 Rounds out of 11

1) Elizur Petach-Tikva (GM I. Smirin, GM V. Milov, GM I. Khenkin, GM
Y. Gruenfeld, GM Y. Murey, GM A. Guldin, IM A. Kogan) 45

2) Beer-Sheva (GM L. Yudasin, GM A. Greenfeld, GM A. Huzman, IM
M. Tseitlin, IM A. Finkel, IM V. Michalevsky) 44

3) Rishon-Lezion (GM B Alterman, GM Y. Kosashvili, IM E. Lees, IM
L. Shmuter, IM A. Serberyanik) 43

With one round to go, Elizur is the most favorite to win as they are
playing the least successful team of Natanya.

11) Portoros tournament in Slovenia: by Shay Bushinsky
---------------------------------------------------

Vladimir Tukmakov won this tournament using the tried and
trusted method of winning all his games with white and
drawing most of his games with black.

Tukmakov, Vladimir B    UKR     2585    g	7.5
Kozul, Zdenko   	CRO     2570    g	7
Psakhis, Lev    	ISR     2625    g	7
Burmakin, Vladimir      RUS     2555    g	6.5


The Slovenian Zonal is reached half way. I know very little details:

Just that the German players were leading and that a surprise occured
in the third round: Korchnoi (White) lost to Ostisha. (not too sure
of the spelling, can't find him in the rating list MC)

12) STUDIES by Wlodek Proskurowski 
--------------------------------------------------------

			    TWIC 28

Review by John Roycroft, , noted
endgame specialist, composer, judge, author, and editor
of the endgame quarterly EG (since 1965).


    World Anthology of Chess Studies      ISBN 5-85723-009-8

	Volume I: 4232 studies with stalemate

	Volume II: 4492 studies with mate

There are several remarkable features about this work. Each
volume has the same number of pages, 544. Every study has
its own diagram, and its figurine algebraic solution is nearly
always on the same page. The work of compilation, and indeed
the printing, was performed in Tbilisi, the capital of the
Georgian Republic, in the Caucasus, during the chaotic and
inflationary aftermath of soviet times: both volumes carry
the same date - 1994. Most of the labour was performed by
the Chief Engineer of Georgian Television. The titles of
three further volumes in the series are announced. Above is
the International Serial Book Number, so it's all official
and above board. The text is in English and each volume is
bound in a sturdy hard cover, dark blue with gold lettering.
Those remarkable features are as nothing in comparison with
the contents. In a game of chess it is only mate and
stalemate that legally prevent any more moves being played.
So these volumes show classification by climax, and you
can't get more dramatic than that. Have you ever wondered
how many different mating patterns there are? You have? Con-
gratulations! What answer did you come up with? Was it more,
or less, than the number of different stalemates? Whether
you did or not, and whatever numbers come to mind, you will
find here, in addition to the studies, their solutions and
their sources, a system of tracing and looking up all
studies whose finales show the same picture. In fact there
are in each volume over 100 preliminary pages of descriptive
and retrieval matter. In other words the volumes cater for
the serious interested party as well as the simple
enthusiast. As a pointer to the specialist, the fact that
the compilers are from a country that was part of the former
Soviet Union is a reasonable guarantee that rare and rela-
tively inaccessible sources have been used. In other words
80% of the contents will be new to all except perhaps the
handful comprising the most attentive, retentive and loyal
readers of EG international quarterly magazine.
Why should a Sicilian drug addict or Lopez layabout be in-
terested in books on studies? Well, unless he denies that
there is beauty in chess, any chessplayer should possess a
small number of books on studies. If he does not he is
simply lacking in chess culture. One can only pity him. This
can even be demonstrated from almost any random issue of
CHESS Monthly. It is rare for an issue not to contain at
least one game annotation invoking the encomium 'study-
like', applied either to a move or to an idea. If the use of
such a word means anything, it must mean praise, and praise
of the extraordinary, the paradoxical, the turning of values
topsy-turvy, the straight line with the totally unexpected
kink at the end. Now, to have over 8,000 positions with such
tantalising characteristics pre-selected and presented in
one Frank Bruno sized fistful, doesn't happen every day. In-
deed it happens only a few times in a century. Seize your
chance.
To take a random sample from each volume, here are the
stalemate and checkmate examples carrying the serial diagram
numbers 2500:

	      STALEMATE!

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   | B |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |  P.Larsen
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | o |   | k |   |   |   |   |  Deutsche Schachzeitung, 1901
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | o |   | + |   |   |   |   |  W: Kb4,Bg8,p.d5 (3)
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | K |   |   |   |   |   |   |  B: Kd6,p.b5,b6,h3 (4)
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | o |  White to move and draw
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+


 1.Bh7 Kxd5 2.Bf5 h2 3.Bc8! Kc6 4.Bg4 h1Q 5.Bf3+ Qxf3 stalemate.


	     CHECKMATE!

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | n | k |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | R |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |  J.Marwitz, 3/4th Prize
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   | K | n |   |   |  Schakend Nederland, 1965
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | b |   |   |   |   |   |   |  W:Ke6,Ra7,Be1,Bh3,Ng2,p.a3(6)
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |  B:Kd8,Bb2,Bb5,Nc8,Nf6 (5)
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | P |   |   |   |   |   |   | B |  White to move and win
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | b |   |   |   |   | N |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   | B |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

  Solution in the next issue of TWIC

Editorial note [wp]:
WORLD ANTHOLOGY OF CHESS STUDIES, Volumes I and II
can be purchased for 45 pounds sterlings (postage included)
from John Roycroft, 17 New Way Road, London ENGLAND NW9 6PL.

13) TWIC  PLAYER PROFILE  No 2  ALEXANDER MCDONNELL (1798-1835) by Bosko Grove
------------------------------------------------------------------
THIS IS A NEW FEATURE TO TWIC. IF YOU TURN THE ASCII FILE INTO A
CHESSBASE FILE YOU WILL BE ABLE TO READ THE NOTES AND COMMENTS WHILE
PLAYING THROUGH THE GAME.I HAVE TRIED TO MAKE THE GAME AS INTERACTIVE AS
POSSIBLE AND WILL BE DEVELOPING THIS FEATURE OVER THE NEXT FEW TWICS.

ALEXANDER MCDONNELL WAS ENGLAND'S BEST PLAYER IN THE EARLY 1830s.IN 1834
HE PLAYED 6 MATCHES AGAINST LOUIS LA BOURDONAIS (+27,=13,-45) WHICH CAUSED
MUCH INTEREST IN FRANCE AND ENGLAND. THESE MATCHES HAVE GONE DOWN IN CHESS
HISTORY AND ALL 85 GAMES ARE ENTERTAINING. IN THE NEXT TWIC PLAYER
PROFILE I WILL ANALYSE A WIN BY LA BOURDONNAIS. HAVE FUN!


[Event "MATCH 1834"]
[Site "TWIC PLAYER PROFILE No 2 "]
[Date "1834"]
[Round "GAME 21"]
[White "Louise La Bourdonnais"]
[Black "Alexander Mcdonnell"]
[Result "0-1"]

1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 {La Bourdonnais (1797-1840) was by far the strongest
French player of his period.He spent most of his playing career playing
against leading British Masters.} 2... Bc5 {Macdonnell (1798-1835) was
Britain's best player before Howard Staunton (1810-1874).Born in Ireland
he was the son of a doctor.} 3. Qe2 Nf6 {In 1834 Mcdonnell played a
marathon 6 matches against La Bourdonnais losing +27 =13 -45 (85
games!).These matches caused much interest in France and England.} 4.
d3 Nc6 5. c3 Ne7 {This moves the same piece twice in the opening and
takes pressure of the centre.} 6. f4 {La Bourdonnais plays for the
attack.} 6... exf4 {Black should support the centre with 6...d6.} 7. d4
Bb6 8. Bxf4 d6 9. Bd3 {9.Nd2 developing is better.} 9... Ng6 10. Be3
O-O 11. h3 {Very slow. White should develop.} 11... Re8 12. Nd2 Qe7
13. O-O-O c5 {Mcdonnell wants to open the C file to attack white's king.}
14. Kb1 cxd4 15. cxd4 a5 {"I am after your king".} 16. Ngf3 Bd7 {Both
sides have now connected their rooks which is always a good idea before
attacking your opponents king.} 17. g4 h6 18. Rdg1 a4 19. g5 hxg5 20.
Bxg5 a3 21. b3 Bc6 22. Rg4 {22.Rg4 is bad. Better is 22.h4 with the idea
h5 and h6.White may even be better.} 22... Ba5 23. h4 Bxd2 {McDonnell
gives up the two bishops to create chances.} 24. Nxd2 Ra5 {24...Ra5 sets
a trap.} 25. h5 {White falls for it. You are black: what do you play
next?} 25... Rxg5 {Did you see 25...Rxg5! White has very weak black
squares now.} 26. Rxg5 Nf4 27. Qf3 Nxd3 {What does La Bourdonnais play
next?} 28. d5 {Best try.} 28... Nxd5 29. Rhg1 Nc3+ 30. Ka1 Bxe4 31.
Rxg7+ Kh8 32. Qg3 {Can you see Mcdonnell's next move?} 32... Bg6 {La
Bourdonnais was threating 33.Rh7+.} 33. hxg6 {How would you continue as
black?} 33... Qe1+ {This move hurts!} 34. Rxe1 {34.Nb1 was the only
move.But it still loses.} 34... Rxe1+ 35. Qxe1 Nxe1 36. Rh7+ Kg8 37.
gxf7+ Kxh7 38. f8=Q Nc2# 0-1

14) Tournament calendar by Michael Niermann.
-------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Many thanks to all who have sent us some tournament informations. But we
still need some help.
If you want to support us, please send infos about tournaments in your
country to michael@emmy.mathematik.uni-dortmund.de.



April 17-23          Gausdal (NOR), Norwegian Open, 9xCH, elo/norms?
                       Tel +47 22679520
                       Fax +47 22679513

April 17-28          Jewpatoria (UKR), youth tmt, 9xCH, no entry fee
                       Tel +7 0652 277097

April 22             CULEMBORG (NED)
                       SGR De Vierkante Toren rapidchess tournament
                       Tel +31-3450-21731

April 22             WIJK BIJ DUURSTEDE (NED)
                       DataBalk rapidchess tournament for juniors
                       (>1974,>1978,>1980,>1982,>1984)
                       20 mpppg; Dfl. 5.00; 7 rounds swiss or
                       groups of 8 for weaker players.
                       Tel +31-3435-74972 (Louis Hijweegen)
                       Closing date of enrollment April 17th.

April 22             WIJK BIJ DUURSTEDE (NED)
                       Youth Championship U10 for those living in
                       the province of Utrecht and surroundings.
                       9 rounds swiss 15 mpppg
                       Tel +31-3435-74972 (Louis Hijweegen)
                       Closing date of enrollment April 17th.

April 22             KROMMENIE (NED) rapid chess tournament
                       20 mpppg in groups of 8 players
                       Dfl 10.00 1st prize group 1: Dfl 80.00
                       Special prize for the best chess club: chessclock
                       Tel +31-75-218083 (Mr and Mrs Schol).
                       Closing date of enrollment April 20th.

April 22             PUTTERSHOEK (NED) Suikerunie chess tournament
                       Tel +31-1856-3745

April 22             ROTTERDAM (NED) SWR "Spring"-tournament.
                       Tel +31-10-4223701

April 22-23          HAAKSBERGEN (NED) [near Enschede]
                       21st Int IBIS-chess tournament groups of 4 players.
                       In each group shall participate 2 visually
                       handicapped players and 2 sighted.
                       Lodging will be provided. No prize fund!
                       Tel +31-5427-22369.

April 25-May 3       Gausdal (NOR), Arnold Cup 9xCH, elo/norms?
                       Tel +47 22679520
                       Fax +47 22679513

April 26-29          New York (US), New York Open, 9xCH
                       Tel +?-1-212-719-4204
                       Fax +?-1-212-719-4369

April 26-28 and      The Hague (NL), AEGON Man-Computer Tournament,
    May 1-3            Tel +31-70-464 3729 (Cock de Gorter)

April 28             LEUSDEN (NED)
                       Chesstournament for teams of factories and
                       businesses.
                       Tel +31-33-943544 (Jos Boemaars)

April 29             HOOGLAND (NED)
                       Blitztournament Hooglands SG.
                       Tel +31-33-806697

April 29/30          Arnprior (Ontario, CAN)

April 30             DRIEBERGEN (NED)
                       Oranjetournament celebrating the Queen's
                       Mothers birthday.
                       Organiser: Chessclub Doorn-Driebergen-Marlet
                       Tel +31-3432-1643

April 30 - May 10    Smolensk (RUS), Belavenets memorial
                       Tel +7(081) 00-24562
                        or +7(081) 00-32940

May 5-13             Gausdal (NOR), Skei Masters, 10 player GM and IM tmts,
                       round-robins
                       Tel +47 22679520
                       Fax +47 22679513

May 6                GORINCHEM (NED)
                       Rapidchesstournament Gorcumse Chess Club
                       Tel +31-1830-24228

May 6-17             Budapest (HUN), "First Saturday"
                       GM-tmt (13rd), IM-tmt (13rd), Elo-tmt (9rd Schev)
                       Tel/Fax +361 263 2859

May 10-20            Waikiki, Hawaii (US) 10x CH, ELO, norms
                       e-mail Eric Schiller, chesswks@netcom.com
                       more details in TWIC 16

May 12               LEUSDEN (NED)
                       Joop van Santen memorial Blitztournament.
                       Tel +31-33-943544 (Jos Boemaars)

May 13               SHEFFIELD RAPIDPLAY CHESS CONGRESS, Handsworth Parish
                       Centre, Handsworth Road, Sheffield, 6xCH, 4 sections,
                       entries limited,
                       Details: B D Stephenson, 9 Roydfield Drive, Waterthorpe,
                                Sheffield, S19 6ND, England.
                       Tel   +??-114-2471579
                       email 100447.2043@compuserve.com

May 19+20            UTRECHT (NED)
                       Domtournament of the chessclub DOM/MOIRA.
                       Groups of 4 (3 games).
                       Tel +31-3406-21201

May 19-22            Vancouver (CAN), 20th Annual Keres Memorial, open: 7xCH,
                       other sections: 6xCH, 40/120+G/60, entry 100 $can,
                       prizes 8000$can,
                       tel +?? (604) 686-8888
                       email rincewin@helix.net  (Wilson Yeung)
                       detailed info in TWIC 23

May 19-27            Schaan (LIE) 9xCH, ELO, 100sFr
                       Tel +41 75 2324940
                       Fax +41 75 2322986

May 20               BAARN (NED)
                       Regional rapidchess tournament for juniors
                       (U20, U16, U14, U12, U10).
                       Tel +31-2154-13911

May 23-31            Maria Alm (AUT) Open for Senior-Player, 9xCH
                       Tel +43 6582 2196

May 24-28            SOEST (NED)
                       Chess Festival: 9 rounds swiss in 5 days,
                       rapidchess (May 25) and blitz (May 26).
                       Dfl 65.00. First prize Dfl 2,000.
                       More details will follow.
                       Tel +31-35-247929 (Rob van Aurich)
                       Fax +31-35-239610
                       E-mail rvaurich@worldaccess.nl

May 25-28            Erlangen (GER) 7xCH, no ELO, 90DM
                       Tel +49 9131 47703

May 25-28            Crailsheim (GER) 7xCH, ELO, no norms, 90DM
                       Tel +49 7951 6468

May 25-28            Erfurt (GER), 9xCH, 30min, 25DM,
                       Tel +49 361 6435132

May 25-28            Herne (GER), 7xCH, 70DM,
                       Tel +49 2323 18112

May 25-28            Jarny (FRA), 7xCH, 120F,
                       Tel +33 82334815

May 25-30            Hong Kong, ICCA Computer Chess World Championships
                       Chinese University of Hong Kong
                       Tel (+852)-26098254 (Dr. H.K.Tsang)
                       Fax (+852)-26035558
                       email hktsang@mailbox.ee.cuhk.hk

May 27-29            Long Beach, California, (USA), 16th Annual Memorial Day
                       Classic, 6xCH, 7sections, long Beach Airport Marriott
                       Hotel (310-425-5210), $20,000 (US) guaranteed
                       tel 310-634-8477
                       fax 310-988-9573 (Charles Rostedt)

May 27-June 3        Mainz (GER) 9xCH, ELO,
                       Tel     +49 6131 223990 or
                       Tel/Fax +49 6131 85399

May 28               Aachen(GER) ASV-Open, 25/30DM, 7xCh 30min,
                       prizes 4250DM (1. 1000DM)
                       Mies van der Rohe Schule, Neukoellner Str.
                       Tel +49 241 154703
                       or  +49 241 552974
                       email norbert@i6.informatik.rwth-aachen.de

June 2-6             BUSSUM (NED)
                       Interpolis Whitsuntide (Pentecost) tournament:
                       7 rounds swiss in 4 days.
                       First prize Dfl 2,000.
                       More details will follow.
                       Tel +31-35-247929 (Rob van Aurich)
                       Fax +31-35-239610
                       E-mail rvaurich@worldaccess.nl

June 2-3             AMERSFOORT (NED)
                       Levob insurances "Weekend"-tournament
                       SG Amersfoort
                       Tel +31-3494-54415

June 2-5             Jena (GER), 7xCH, 60DM,
                       Tel +49 3641 51892

June 3-5             Gothenburg (SWE), 9xCH, G/60, fee 250/150(juniors) Sw kr,
                       Prices 5000/3000/2000/1000/4x500 Sw kr, rating and
                       special prices, Vegagatan 20, 413 09 Gothenburg,
                       more details in TWIC 28
                       Tel +46 31 244715 (Gothenburg Chess Federation)
                       Tel +46 31 248732 (Ari Ziegler)

June 3-10            Ischia (ITA) International Festival,
                       tel +39-81-668811 or +39-81-668875
                       fax +39-81-7612354 Mr. Fabio, Luca Orofino

June 3-14            Budapest (HUN), "First Saturday"
                        GM-tmt (13rd), IM-tmt (13rd), Elo-tmt (9rd Schev)
                        Tel/Fax +361 263 2859

June 9-10            PUTTEN (NED)
                       2nd Chess Festival of Putten
                       Tel +31-3418-61140

June 10-16           Bolzano (ITA), International Open,
                       tel  +39-471-921870

June 10-18           Bad Bevensen (GER), 9xCH, ELO, norms?, 120DM,
                       Tel +49 5821 41024

June 13+19+21        UTRECHT (NED)
                       Zuilentournament chessclub Oud Zuylen
                       Tel +31-3465-62960

June 13-July 1       AMERSFOORT (NED)
  (7 days only)        Tournament for players living near the river Eem.
                       Tel +31-33-943544 (Jos Boemaars)

June 14-18           Giessen (GER),14th Open, 7xCH, ELO, no norms, 75 DM
                       Tel +49 6403 71213
                        or +49 641 53492
                       Room Verkehrsamt Giessen, Berliner Platz, D-35390 Giessen
                       detailed info in TWIC 21(German) and 22 (English)

June 16-18           UTRECHT (NED)
                       22nd Open ch of the city of Utrecht:
                       6 rounds swiss weekend tournament.
                       Group 1 >1800 elo Group 2 <1900 elo
                       First prizes group 1 Dfl 2,000 Group 2 Dfl 500
                       Enrollment group 1 Dfl 50 (FM 25 IM/GM free)
                       group 2 Dfl 37.50 Closing date May 29
                       Tel +31-30-615426 or +31-30-880823
                       E-mail rvaurich@worldaccess.nl

June 17              Locarno (CH), 9th International Marathon Open-air,
                       blitz (5 min), 39 rounds !
                       three groups of 40 players, divided by strength,
                       MANY GM - IM - FM in the first group!
                       roberto@mecasoft.ch

June 17-18           Bad Bevensen (GER), 11xCH, 30min, 60DM,
                       Tel +49 5821 41024

June 17-19           Tartu (EST) 9xCH, 50DM (June 17+18)+ Blitz(June 19), no ELO
                        Tel +372 7 421281

June 17-24           Bolzano (ITA), Festival
                       tel  +39-471-921870

June 22-25           Milano (ITA), Robeccheto con Induno, International
                       Festival, 6rd
                       tel +39-2-9761580 Mr. Vito Grandieri, hours 15/21
                           +39-2-9746206 Mr. Flavio Polloni, hours 15/21

June 25-July 2       Telese (ITA), International Festival
                       tel +39-824-976980 Mr. Pancrazio Affinito

June 30-July 8       Velden (AUT)  9xCH, Elo, Norms, 750 oeS
                        Tel +43 4274 2103
                        Fax +43 4274 51078

July 1-12            Budapest (HUN), "First Saturday"
                        GM-tmt (13rd), IM-tmt (13rd), Elo-tmt (9rd Schev)
                        Tel/Fax +361 263 2859

July 8-16            Toronto (CAN), Canadian Open

July 14              Canberra (AUS), Humans v Computers Match
                       Info: Shaun Press, 42 Mockridge Cres, Holt 2617,
                             Australia

July 15-16           Canberra (AUS), Australian National University Open
                       Venue: Old Canberra House, ANU, Canberra, Australia
                       Info: Shaun Press, 42 Mockridge Cres, Holt 2617,
                             Australia

July 21              Biel (SUI) 12 tournaments, Open: 9-11xCH, ELO, norms
       -August 5        30sFr (blitz)-250sFr
                        Tel +41 32 534040
                        Fax +41 32 228688 or
                            +41 32 535925

July 29              Gausdal (NOR), Peer Gynt International, 9xCH, elo/norms?
    -August 4           Tel +47 22679520
                        Fax +47 22679513

July 29              Montecatini Terme - Int. Festival, 9xCH, ELO, norms
    -August 6          tel +39-572-78177 Mr. Paganelli
                       fax +39-572-772307

July 29              Lippstadt (GER), ELO-Open, 9xCH, 40/120+G/60,
    -August 6          Gaststaette Fernhomberg, Am Stadtpark 1, 59555 Lippstadt
                       prizes: 1000/600/400/200/100DM, entry fee from 0 (>2400)
                       to 100DM, more details in TWIC 28
                       Tel ++49-2941-60514 (Klaus Muenster)
                       email mac@uni-paderborn.de (Hubert Mackenberg)

August 2-11            Antwerpen (BEL), 9xCH, ELO-tournament
                        (+2200 national rating or any FIDE rating) or B
                        tournament (others - this one starts on Aug. 3),500 BEF
                        Info: Lost Boys Schaaktoernooi Antwerpen'95
                        Claudius Prinsenlaan 146
                        4818 CP Breda
                        The Netherlands
                        Tel: +(31)76 14 11 14
                        Fax: +(31)76 20 22 82

August 5-16          Budapest (HUN), "First Saturday"
                       GM-tmt (13rd), IM-tmt (13rd), Elo-tmt (9rd Schev)
                       Tel/Fax +361 263 2859

August 6-13          Gausdal International (NOR), 9xCH, elo/norms?
                       Tel +47 22679520
                       Fax +47 22679513

August 7-12          Hengelo (NED), STORK tournament (open Dutch junior
                       championships).  Four sections: U20, U16, U14 and U12.
                       9xCH, Admission: DFL 50 (FIDE-rated free),Prizes: over
                       DFL 6000 total (1st. U20 DFL 1000).
                       email anjo@swi.psy.uva.nl.

August 21-29         Porto S. Giorgio - Int. Festival
                       tel +39-734-679745 or +39-734-675590

October 1-2          Greater Sydney Chess Festival,
                       Venue: The Huntley Hotel, Parramatta, Australia
                       Contact: Australian Chess Enterprises, PO Box 6301
                                Baulkham Hills, NSW 2153, Australia
                       Tel x61-2-838-1529
                       Fax x61-2-838-1614
                       Email ace@sydney.dializ.oz.au

October 14-15        Boston, MA (USA), Sixth Harvard Cup Human Versus Computer
                       Chess Challenge (participation by invitation only;
                       spectators welcome)
                       Computer Museum
                       tel 617-876-5759; fax 617-491-9570;
                       email cfc@isr.harvard.edu


------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chesstournament in Lippstadt (GER)

ELO-Open
========
Gaststaette Fernhomberg, Am Stadtpark 1, 59555 Lippstadt
29.07. - 06.08. 1995

9 Rounds Swiss-System
40 moves in 2 h and 1 h for the rest

Prizes: 1000 DM / 600 DM / 400 DM / 200 DM / 100 DM

Costs: GM, IM, Elo > 2400         free
       Elo 2400 - 2200            50 DM
       Elo < 2200                 75 DM
       without Elo                100 DM

Timeplan:
End of registration              Sa. 29.07. 1995    18.30
Round  1                          Sa. 29.07. 1995    19.00
Round  2                          So. 30.07. 1995    19.00
Round  3                          Mo. 31.07. 1995    19.00
Round  4                          Tu. 01.08. 1995    19.00
Round  5                          We. 02.08. 1995    19.00
Round  6                          Th. 03.08. 1995    19.00
Round  7                          Fr. 04.08. 1995    19.00
Round  8                          Sa. 05.08. 1995    19.00
Round  9                          So. 06.08. 1995    19.00

Registration by paying: Stadtsparkasse Lippstadt, BLZ 41650061,
                        Konto-Nr.: 10843

Only 80 players can participate in the tournament!

Rooms: Kurverwaltung Bad Waldliesborn, Tel.: 049/02941/8001234
       or camping at a nice sea (five minutes by car to the tournament)

Parallel is a Grandmastertournament Cat. 9 with
GM Markus Stangl
GM Maja Tschiburdanidse (!!)
GM Roumald Mainka
GM Philipp Schlosser
IM Manuel Apicella
IM Michael Hoffmann
IM Werner Hug
IM Tomasz Markowski
FM Stefan Wehmeier
   Heiner Matthias
   Andreas Brenke
   Zugzwang (Vice-Champion of Computerchess-Worldchampionchip in 1993)

Rounds are from 27.07. - 06.08. 1995 every day at 14.00

More Info:   Phone: Klaus Muenster 049/02941/60514
             Email: Hubert Mackenberg mac@uni-paderborn.de

------------------------------------------------------------------------

On June 3 - 5 an open rapid chess tournament is taking place in Gothenburg,
Sweden.

9 rounds FIDE Swiss, 1 hour/game.
Starting fee 250/150 Sw kr (seniors/juniors under 20) (about 5.30 Sw kr on
the DM).
Prices: 1st 5000 Sw. kr. 2nd 3000 Sw kr. 3rd 2000 Sw kr 4th 1000 Sw kr
        5 - 8 500 Sw kr.
Rating prices for every ten participants at 800 Sw. kr.
A special price will be awarded to all who win three consecutive games after
round 2.

Each round, the round's "big fisher" will be elected, i.e. the one who has
created the greatest upset. The price is one kg of Norwegian fjord salmon.
Personal enrollment at the playing location at 13.00 or by depositing the
starting fee on postal account 28 84 43 - 5, Gothenburg Chess Federation.
IM and GM no charge for entering and free lodging.

For more information please call +46 31 244715 (Gothenburg Chess Federation)
or +46 31 248732 (Ari Ziegler)
Addresse: Vegagatan 20, 413 09 Gothenburg

The tournament has been played every year since 1978.
Earlier winners have included GMs Lars Karlsson, Thomas Ernst and
Ferdinand Hellers. Last year IMs Robert Bator and Petkevitch shared
first price.